End-to-End Neural Networks in Autonomous Driving
Chapter 1

The robotaxi reality check

Chapter 2

The sensory showdown

Chapter 3

The brutal edge cases

Chapter 4

The legal, ethical, and social road

Ch 2 · The sensory showdown
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audi The technology behind Tesla's camera-only self-driving system

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The sensory showdown
BETA

audi Match sensors to tricky weather to figure out why self-driving cars still get confused.

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audi End-to-End Neural Networks

No more lines of code, the network takes the pixels and decides how to steer.

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The camera-only vision philosophy

audi Eight external cameras and artificial intelligence mimic human vision to navigate roads, allowing Tesla to avoid using expensive LiDAR hardware.

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Quiz

Which vehicle manufacturer is famous for using a vision-only camera approach, rejecting LiDAR and radar?

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Quiz

How many external cameras does Tesla's Full Self-Driving (FSD) hardware suite rely on to navigate the road?

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No single way of perceiving the world is free of blind spots.

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The laser shield of LiDAR

audi Heavy steam and dust can confuse the expensive laser shields used by autonomous cars.

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Quiz

What does the acronym LiDAR stand for in the context of autonomous vehicle sensors?

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Quiz

Which environmental factor is known to occasionally confuse LiDAR sensors by reflecting light unpredictably?

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Fun Fact

LiDAR in the dark: Because LiDAR sensors use invisible lasers to map their surroundings, a self-driving car can navigate a winding road in pitch-black darkness with its headlights completely turned off.

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Quiz

What type of map is required by Level 4 robotaxis to know the exact position of curbs and lane lines down to the centimeter?

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Quiz

Why are geofenced robotaxis like Waymo unable to instantly operate in a newly built neighborhood?

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Glossary
lidar (noun)
A detection system that works on the principle of radar, but uses light from a laser. By 2026, Waymo paired these laser sensors with cameras to achieve redundant, all-weather vehicle perception.

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Quiz

What is the main characteristic of End-to-End AI in autonomous driving?

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Quiz

Why do some engineers worry about End-to-End neural networks for self-driving cars?

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Gossip

Which sensor system do you trust more?

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