Three Sisters Agricultural Trio with Pumpkins
Chapter 1

The ancient roots of the pumpkin

Chapter 2

The spooky transformation

Chapter 3

Extreme botany and giant monsters

Chapter 4

A global culinary superstar

YOUR GOAL

Master of How a humble squash conquered Halloween

Ch 1 · The ancient roots of the pumpkin
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sonia The botanical definition of a true berry.

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sonia Pumpkin Domestication

Bitter to sweet, bitter to sweet, We bred the poison out!

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When giant forces fail, survival depends on cultivating mutual partnerships.

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sonia The evolutionary relationship between wild pumpkins and prehistoric mammoths.

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Wild, bitter, and built for mammoths

sonia Toxic cucurbitacins deterred small animals, leaving giant mastodons to eat wild pumpkins and disperse seeds until megafauna extinction

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The agricultural trio of the three sisters

sonia Pumpkins shade the soil and block weeds in the ancient Three Sisters system.

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Fun Fact

Ice age survivors: Wild pumpkin ancestors survived extinction because giant mastodons ate them whole, ignoring their bitter, toxic skin and spreading seeds in fertile dung.

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Glossary
cucurbita pepo (noun)
A cultivated plant species of the gourd family that includes pumpkins, zucchini, and various squashes. Archaeologists discovered ten-thousand-year-old seeds of this species inside Mexico's Guilá Naquitz cave.

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Gossip

If you had to grow a Three Sisters garden, which role appeals most?

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Quiz

Which prehistoric animal played a crucial role in dispersing wild pumpkin seeds before humans domesticated them?

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Quiz

What bitter chemical compound did wild pumpkins produce to protect themselves from being eaten by small rodents?

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Quiz

In the Indigenous 'Three Sisters' farming system, what vital role do the broad pumpkin leaves perform?

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Quiz

What is the scientific term for the specific type of thick-skinned berry that pumpkins belong to?

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Quiz

In which modern-day region did early human farmers first domesticate the wild ancestors of pumpkins around 10,000 years ago?

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