Why did early mathematicians believe that the square root of a
Chapter 1

The birth of the forbidden number

Chapter 2

The magic of the complex plane

Chapter 3

Surpassing i with quaternions

Chapter 4

The infinite climb of dimensions

Ch 1 · The birth of the forbidden number
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007skaty Italian mathematicians fought public duels over cubic equations.

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007skaty Impressionism

Just an impression! (Just an impression!) We're going past the lines!

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007skaty Rafael Bombelli designed a new arithmetic system for impossible square roots.

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The forbidden root of the problem

007skaty Solving quadratic equations yielded negative square roots, which scholars rejected as impossible because no number multiplied by itself can equal a negative

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The duel of the cubic equations

007skaty Public math duels in Renaissance Italy led to the discovery of imaginary numbers

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Bombelli's Magic i
BETA

007skaty Match real and imaginary numbers to discover how Bombelli solved impossible equations.

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Fun Fact

Descartes' mistake: René Descartes, who famously said 'I think, therefore I am,' dismissed imaginary numbers as completely useless, completely missing their future role in modern technology.

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Gossip

Would you participate in a high-stakes public math duel?

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Quiz

Why did early mathematicians believe that the square root of a negative number was impossible?

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007skaty The origin of the mathematical term imaginary numbers

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Giving i a map

007skaty Caspar Wessel and Carl Friedrich Gauss resolved decades of confusion by giving the imaginary unit i a physical, geometric location.

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Quiz

Which ancient Greek mathematician first recorded an impossible square root while calculating the volume of a pyramid?

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007skaty The origin of square roots of negative numbers

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Quiz

Which 1545 book by Gerolamo Cardano first published the systematic use of negative square roots?

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Quiz

In which European country did mathematicians hold public duels to solve algebraic equations during the Renaissance?

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Quiz

What crucial mathematical concept did Rafael Bombelli introduce in his 1572 book 'L'Algebra'?

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Quiz

What was Rafael Bombelli's primary profession before writing his revolutionary mathematics book?

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Quiz

Which legendary Swiss mathematician first used the letter 'i' to represent the imaginary unit?

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Quiz

Which famous French philosopher and mathematician coined the term 'imaginary' as a sarcastic insult?

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Quiz

On the complex plane mapped by Gauss, where do pure imaginary numbers live?

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