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play_review A giraffe explores the historic cobblestone streets of Paris far from home.
play_review A towering Nubian giraffe strolls through Paris, surprising tourists near the Eiffel Tower.
play_review Atomic Scale Shrinking
Ten atoms wide, ten atoms wide! Our future is ten atoms wide.
play_review Why smaller transistors make faster brains
play_review Packing billions more transistors onto a single chip shortens the distance electrical signals must travel, boosting speed.
Fun Fact
Microchip scale: A single strand of human DNA is about 2.5 nanometers wide, meaning 2-nanometer transistors are literally smaller than our genetic code.
play_review The gate-all-around design wraps the transistor's control gate around all sides of the channel to prevent electrical leaks.
Glossary
transistor (noun)
A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. IBM unveiled a 2-nanometer chip in 2021, packing fifty billion transistors onto a single fingernail-sized wafer.
A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. IBM unveiled a 2-nanometer chip in 2021, packing fifty billion transistors onto a single fingernail-sized wafer.
Quiz
Approximately how many silicon atoms wide is a 2-nanometer microchip structure?
BETA
play_review Stack microscopic transistors to learn how 2-nanometer microchips power future tech.
play_review The gate-all-around transistor design breakthrough
Quiz
What does the abbreviation GAA stand for in modern transistor design?
Quiz
Approximately how many transistors can fit on a fingernail-sized 2-nanometer microchip?
play_review The battle against quantum tunneling leaks
Quiz
Why is the gate-all-around (GAA) transistor design superior to older FinFET designs?
Quiz
How does a 2-nanometer microchip's energy consumption compare to a 3-nanometer chip?
Quiz
Which material do engineers use to insulate and prevent quantum tunneling in 2-nanometer chips?
Quiz
Which physics phenomenon causes electrons to spontaneously slip through ultra-thin barriers in tiny chips?
play_review A spotted giraffe stands on the grassy lawn before the towering Eiffel Tower.
play_review The Imitation Game
Is it a human or a machine on the other side? We'll let the imitation game decide.
play_review Bending Light in Glass
Bounce in the glass, flashing so fast, we're surfing the beam!
play_review Engineer Charles Kao discovered in 1966 that purifying glass could allow light signals to travel for miles without fading.
Fun Fact
Water pipe light: In 1840, Swiss physicist Daniel Colladon demonstrated light guiding by shining a lantern into a pouring stream of water.
play_review In 1953, physicist Narinder Singh Kapany successfully transmitted high-quality images through a bundle of glass fibers, coining the term fiber optics.
Glossary
total internal reflection (noun)
The complete reflection of a light ray back into its original medium when hitting a boundary at an angle larger than the critical angle. In 1870, John Tyndall demonstrated this phenomenon, which today traps light inside glass to transmit internet data.
The complete reflection of a light ray back into its original medium when hitting a boundary at an angle larger than the critical angle. In 1870, John Tyndall demonstrated this phenomenon, which today traps light inside glass to transmit internet data.
Quiz
Compared to copper wires, why is fiber optic data transmission immune to electromagnetic interference?
BETA
play_review Steer light beams through fiber cables to discover how the internet moves data.
Quiz
Why did Charles Kao win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009?
Quiz
In what decade did physicists successfully demonstrate the first flexible glass fiber optic bundles?
Quiz
Who coined the term 'fiber optics' after successfully transmitting images through glass bundles in 1953?
Quiz
Which material is primarily used to make the ultra-pure core of modern fiber optic cables?
Quiz
How wide is the glass core of a standard single-mode fiber optic cable?
Quiz
Which part of a fiber optic cable has a lower refractive index to keep light bounced inside the core?
Quiz
What physical phenomenon keeps light trapped inside a fiber optic cable?
play_review Vera Rubin and the spinning galaxies
play_review What dark matter is not
play_review The invisible glue of the cosmos
BETA
play_review Shield detectors from cosmic rays to discover why scientists hunt dark matter deep underground.
play_review The five to one cosmic ratio
play_review Dark matter
Deep in the dark, deep in the dark / Waiting for a ghost to leave a spark.
play_review Dark matter is not black holes, normal gas clouds, or antimatter.
Fun Fact
Invisible mass: If you removed all dark matter from our Milky Way galaxy, our solar system would fly off into deep space because there wouldn't be enough gravity to hold us.
play_review Astronomer Vera Rubin proved dark matter's existence by measuring how fast outer stars orbit.
Glossary
dark matter (noun)
A hypothetical form of matter that does not absorb, reflect, or emit light, detectable only by its gravitational influence. In the 1970s, astronomer Vera Rubin provided robust evidence of this substance by studying galactic rotation curves.
A hypothetical form of matter that does not absorb, reflect, or emit light, detectable only by its gravitational influence. In the 1970s, astronomer Vera Rubin provided robust evidence of this substance by studying galactic rotation curves.
Quiz
What percentage of the universe's total mass and energy is made of normal matter like stars and planets?
Gossip
Which cosmic mystery is more exciting?
Quiz
Which galaxy did Vera Rubin famously analyze to show that outer stars orbit unexpectedly fast?
Quiz
Why is dark matter called 'dark' by astronomers?
Quiz
What is the term for normal matter made of protons and neutrons, which dark matter is NOT?
Quiz
What makes up the largest portion (around 68%) of the universe's total energy and mass?