Steve
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steve From Sand to Silicon
Melt the sand to grow a crystal bright, (growing so bright!) / Slice it thin to make the circuits glow! (yeah, that's right!)
steve A single crystal of silicon is grown from molten liquid using the Czochralski method.
Fun Fact
Silicon purity: If a silicon wafer were the size of the United States, the maximum allowed impurity would be smaller than a single coin.
steve Metallurgical silicon must be refined further until it reaches an astonishing purity level of 99.999999999%.
Glossary
silicon (noun)
A chemical element of atomic number 14, a metalloid widely used in making electronic circuits. Raw silica sand is chemically refined to achieve an ultra-high purity of 99.9999999 percent.
A chemical element of atomic number 14, a metalloid widely used in making electronic circuits. Raw silica sand is chemically refined to achieve an ultra-high purity of 99.9999999 percent.
Quiz
What is the standard diameter of the largest silicon wafers used in modern factories?
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Who invented the method used to grow single-crystal silicon ingots?
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What is the primary raw material used to make the silicon in computer chips?
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At what temperature is silicon melted to grow a crystal ingot?
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What tool is used to slice a solid silicon ingot into individual wafers?
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What extreme purity level is required for semiconductor-grade silicon?
Quiz
What is the name of the cylindrical solid crystal block of silicon before it is sliced?
steve Miami Limestone Bedrock
Sponge under the street, ocean climbs the stone, flooding sunny days.
steve The limestone under Miami was created by ancient marine organisms during a warm period 125,000 years ago.
Fun Fact
Porous limestone: Water can flow through Florida's bedrock so quickly that scientists have tracked underground water moving up to several hundred feet in a single day.
steve Standard concrete seawalls cannot block sunny day floods because the water rises directly out of the ground.
Glossary
limestone (noun)
A sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate. This porous bedrock under Miami allows rising ocean water to seep upward, flooding streets during king tides.
A sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate. This porous bedrock under Miami allows rising ocean water to seep upward, flooding streets during king tides.
Quiz
Why do traditional seawalls fail to prevent sunny day flooding in Miami?
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What is the name of the freshwater aquifer that supplies drinking water to Miami-Dade County?
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How does sunny day floodwater typically enter Miami's streets from below?
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What is the term for ocean saltwater pushing into freshwater drinking aquifers?
Quiz
Approximately how many years ago did the limestone under Miami form from ancient marine life?
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Which geological feature describes South Florida's incredibly flat, low-lying landscape?
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Which chemical compound primarily makes up the limestone bedrock of Miami?
Quiz
What type of highly porous rock makes up the foundation of Miami?
steve In 1978, an NFL Films producer nicknamed the Dallas Cowboys America's Team because fans packed their games.
steve The Cowboys' iconic blue star remains a highly valuable global logo at their billion-dollar stadium.
steve Before building their billion-dollar stadium, the Dallas Cowboys started with a winless season in 1960.
steve Dallas Cowboys
America's Team, America's Team, Under the roof of the giant silver star!
steve Texas Stadium featured a unique partial roof that became a legendary symbol of the franchise's identity.
Fun Fact
Stadium roof: Texas Stadium's famous roof hole was originally designed to support a future dome, but the team loved the open-air look so much they kept it forever.
steve A 1978 highlight film coined the famous nickname 'America's Team' to describe the Cowboys' massive nationwide popularity.
Glossary
america's team (noun)
A sports franchise that enjoys widespread popularity and fan support across an entire nation rather than just its home region. NFL Films producer Bob Ryan coined the moniker in 1978 while preparing a highlight film for Dallas.
A sports franchise that enjoys widespread popularity and fan support across an entire nation rather than just its home region. NFL Films producer Bob Ryan coined the moniker in 1978 while preparing a highlight film for Dallas.
Quiz
Which media group coined the nickname 'America's Team' for the Dallas Cowboys in 1978?
Quiz
What year did the Dallas Cowboys play their very first NFL season?
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Before moving to Irving, Texas, in what stadium did the Dallas Cowboys play their home games?
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Who was the original founding owner of the Dallas Cowboys in 1960?
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Who was the legendary first head coach of the Dallas Cowboys, famous for wearing a fedora?
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What unique architectural feature defined Texas Stadium, the Cowboys' home from 1971 to 2008?
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Who designed the iconic blue star logo for the Dallas Cowboys in 1960?
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How many Super Bowl titles did coach Tom Landry win with the Dallas Cowboys?
